Reading Assignment #18

予習の仕方

1. まずは記事を読み大意を把握する。

2. わからない単語を確認し、記事の内容を理解しながらしっかり読む。

3. Quizに取り組む。（解答は公開されません。仲間と意見交換して適切な答えを探すのも良いでしょう)

4. もう一度記事を読んで理解を確認する。

5. Further studies

   • 記事のトピックについてリサーチする

   • 記事のサマリーをまとめる

   • 著者について調べる

   • 関連記事を読む

   • その他

1. nature NEWS

Article Title

• Scientists make precise gene edits to mitochondrial DNA for first time (08 July 2020)

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02054-5

2. Quiz

Answer the following questions.

1. Which of the following can substitute for the word allow in "allowed" from section 1?　(*Section 1: Paragraph starting with "A peculiar bacterial enzyme has allowed...")

• a) authorize

• b) enable

• c) persuade  

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of diseases that mutations in the mitochondrial genome trigger?

• a) They cannot be deadly. 

• b) They are usually transmitted maternally. 

• c) They interfere with the cell's energy production. 

3. Which of the following is the reason why CRISPR–Cas9 fails to work for mitochondria? 

• a) Because RNA is too large to be put into mitochondria.

• b) Because RNA cannot change the genomes in mitochondria. 

• c) Because RNA cannot pass through the  layers surrounding mitochondria.

4. Which of the following can replace the word "reliance" in section 6? 　(*Section 6: Paragraph starting with "Liu had harnessed similar enzymes...")

• a) allowance

• b) similarity

• c) dependence

5. Which of the following can DddA do? 

• a) To create a single-stranded DNA. 

• b) To modify genomes in DNA. 

• c) To act on double-stranded DNA.

6. Which of the following is the word "specific" in section 8 closest in meaning to?　(*Section 8: Paragraph starting with "But to turn DddA into...")

• a) particular

• b) obvious

• c) accurate

7. How soon can the findings of the studies be applied to actual treatment?

• a) They will be applied very soon.  

• b) It may take a long time before they are used in the hospital.

• c) They can be applied after some clinical trials.

8. Which of the following can the word "ultimately" in section 10 replaced by? 　(*Section 10: Paragraph starting with "The technique could ultimately...")

• a) eventually

• b) negatively

• c) firstly

9. What might be one of the things that can be done to further the progress made in the field of gene editing? 

• a) To improve existing gene modifying techniques further. 

• b) To use machine learning to delve into the effects of mitochondrial mutations in animals. 

• c) To create animal models to study the effects of mitochondrial mutations with the latest technique.

10. Which of the following can substitute for the word "expedite" in section 12?　(*Section 12: Paragraph starting with "The latest editing approach...")

• a) encourage

• b) speed up

• c) accomplish